Faculty Publication Forum (FPF)
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Item Business Disruptions from Social Distancing(November 15, 2024) Miklós Koren; and Rita PetőSocial distancing measures are effective non-pharmaceutical interventions against the rapid spread of epidemics (Bootsma & Ferguson, 2007; Markel et al., 2007; Hatchett et al., 2007; Wilder-Smith & Freedman, 2020). Many countries have implemented measures, such as school closures, prohibition of large gatherings, and restrictions on non-essential stores and transportation to slow down the spread of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic (Anderson et al., 2020; Cohen & Kupferschmidt, 2020; Thompson & Serkez, 2020; “Mayor de Blasio Issues New Guidance to New Yorkers,” 2020). What are the economic effects of such social distancing interventions? Which businesses are most affected by the restrictions?Item Guard against COVID-19: Predicting Young People’s Pro-Society Actions, the Theory of Planned Behavior(November 15, 2024) Nicolson Yat-Fan Siu; Helena NgSince the outbreak of COVID-19 (also known as SARS-CoV-2), declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 (Mao et al., 2021), its impact on people has been intense and unprecedented. Besides the social and economic effects, the lifestyle of individuals in many countries became constricted in many ways. The spreading prevalence of the virus prompted the dire need for governments to reduce the mobility and interaction of individuals who traveled from one place to another, internationally or locally (Das et al., 2021). International travel was limited as borders were closed, and mandatory quarantine obligations rendered cross-border travel inconvenient and less desirable. Some regions implemented lockdowns and banned the sale of alcohol. Indoor commercial and community amenities were closed; classroom learning, academic and non-academic, shifted to online mode. Overall, individuals’ daily routines and ways of relating with family and friends have been markedly affected (Alex et al., 2021).Item Cambodia’s Post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery Through Structural Transformation(November 15, 2024) Blaise KilianIn 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic suddenly halted two decades of booming economic growth in Cambodia. While the crisis was an extraordinary conjunctural shock, it illuminated the structural limitations of a growth model that enabled Cambodia to lift millions of people out of poverty. Therefore, implementing the policy agenda to address these weaknesses became even more pressing. This chapter puts into perspective some of the triggering factors for success and failures Cambodia encountered towards the lower-middle income status it achieved in 2015 and some of those it will experience while moving towards the upper-middle income status it aims to reach by 2030. Between these two milestones, COVID-19 can be seen as a magnifier of existing weaknesses and a catalyst for remedial policies.Item COVID-19, Mobility and Entrepreneurship(November 15, 2024) Sambath Sim; and Satyendra SinghCOVID-19 is a contagious infection that was detected in 2019. The disease was unique in how people became ill so quickly and succumbed to death. Infected by COVID-19, over six million people perished. However, the vaccine was invented in 2020, and people have been able to take it since 2021. The vaccine is a preparation that stimulates the body’s immune response against diseases and is usually administered through needle injections, orally by mouth or sprayed into the nose (CDC, 2021). When taken in the body, it generates antibodies that form protection against a specific disease. These diseases could be seasonal or pandemic, impacting citizens, healthcare systems, and economies worldwide. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, service-related firms suffered as it restricted people-to-people contact. COVID-19 also affected customer service (Camacho et al., 2022).Item Effectiveness of Government Interventions to Combat COVID-19 in Cambodia(November 15, 2024) Amarak Kanaya Chamroeun; Chanbormey Hoy; Sokanha Mao; and Pitou Sopheakneath PinSince early 2020, COVID-19 has threatened our health, social life, and economy globally. The troublesome asymptomatic characteristics of the virus led governments to close schools, restaurants, movie theaters, and other public amenities as safety measures. This, unfortunately, resulted in a slowdown in the economy and a fall in the standard of living. The informal workers, employed on a seasonal, casual, or temporary basis, and lack social protection, suffered badly (Dash & Dash, 2021). However, amidst these challenges, businesses and students have shown remarkable adaptability. Students were forced to adapt to online classes, and businesses had to shift to online sales and delivery. Despite their best efforts, many businesses were forced to close, and students struggled with the transition.Item The Integrity of Online Exams in the Online Learning Environment during COVID-19 at Higher Education Institutions in Cambodia(November 15, 2024) Bunthorn YemNothing is constant but change,” Greek philosopher Heraclitus said. Since change is a natural phenomenon, if being a change leader is hard, the best way to respond is to adapt. Resisting change can be a manner that would lead one to be left behind and suffer from it. A real example of a phenomenal change that is the most current is the mode of education imposed by the COVID-19 global pandemic. If any educational institution is resisting the current change or is unable to adapt, it would mean that they have no choice but to halt the momentum of the education process willingly. Only an institution that can adapt to it can ensure the continuous education process. To gather experiences that will help institutions grow, they should learn not to get stuck in the past and let the current of existence take them to new, unknown places (Archon, n.d.). That should be echoed by Bruce Lee’s philosophy, which suggested that one should be like water and let it keep flowing, saying that ‘running water never grows stale.’ By the law of nature, however, change is natural. It is a part of life, and accepting it can lead to better growth and new possibilities. Without change, there is no opportunity. Only with change is there an opportunity for better growth. Only with change and by being capable of adapting to change is there an opportunity to learn new things and experience new possibilities.Item The Measurement of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Cambodia Using the SIR Model(November 15, 2024) Siphat LimThe spread of COVID-19 started at the end of 2019 in Wuhan province of China. The relevant authority hardly controlled the spread of the disease due to the virus being new and infected via the breath, the non-availability of vaccine, the lack of enough Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), the non-availability of adequate testing facilities, including the inadequate hospitalization facilities, such as limited numbers of available beds in hospitals for the patients. The lack of these facilities led to ineffective control of the pandemic. The new daily infected cases in Cambodia, a seven-day rolling average, was 528 (ABVC, 2021). Some strategies were carried out by the authorities in the infected areas to control the transmission of the virus. Those strategies were social distancing (including reducing public transportation, closing schools, banning funerals and weddings, and keeping people out of the streets), wearing masks, a centralized quarantine system, curfew, and lockdown. During the period of the pandemic, lockdown in the infected areas, even though it had a substantial adverse economic impact, was considered one of the most popular policies, generally carried out by government authorities in some countries, such as China and other European nations, such as Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom that the level of infection was very high at the start of the pandemic in the early of 2020.Item Exposure to Technology by Learners during COVID-19 and Its Benefits for their Careers in the Post-COVID-19 Context(November 15, 2024) Sita An; Phaneth ChhengThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant changes across various sectors worldwide, notably affecting teaching and learning practices in education. In Cambodia, the pandemic presented numerous challenges for students and teachers, primarily due to the limited use of technology in classrooms. However, despite these obstacles, some educational institutions seized the opportunity to enhance their use of technology. At the same time, teachers sought innovative ways to facilitate learning and help students engage with new educational methods.Item Effects of COVID-19 on Students’ Families and their Coping Mechanisms: Implications on School’s Resilience(November 15, 2024) Juliet C. UyMany households worldwide suffered economic distress brought about by the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. The wave of this plague has inflicted misery mostly on low-income families, particularly in countries where governments are less able to provide adequate social amelioration support to their constituents. The World Bank and UNICEF joint report (2022) revealed that “at least two-thirds of households with children have lost income since the COVID-19 pandemic hit two years ago.” A report from the University of Michigan showed that because of the COVID-19 pandemic, low-income households are least likely to send their children to school (Mostafavi, 2020). According to Kakuchi (2021), Universities in Japan reported a decrease in new and ongoing student enrolment due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families’ economic conditions and students’ mental health. The leading reasons reported are students’ difficulty paying the tuition fees and lack of motivation while forced to study online at home.Item Prospects and Challenges of Cambodia’s Transport Industry(November 15, 2024) Ranuth Cheng, Lyly Em; Rothana Kim; Cheyvireak Sok; Sophyreath Thun; and Kimsrong VokThe service industry, encompassing a wide range of sectors such as finance, insurance, banking, tourism, education, transportation, and others, is one of the most significant contributors to a country’s industrialization and economic growth. Cambodia, with its remarkable economic growth rate averaging 7.7 percent annually from 1998 to 2019, is recognized as the fastest-growing economy in Asia (World Bank, 2023). To sustain this growth, Cambodia needs to develop its service industry further. As of 2023, Cambodia’s service sector contributed significantly to the country’s GDP, accounting for 36.2 percent, next to industry (Statista, 2024). Notably, between 2012 and 2016, the service sector attracted over 50.0 percent of Cambodia’s total foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, surpassing Myanmar (43.0 percent) and even Malaysia (38.0 percent) (Aquarii BD, 2022).